Peptide inhibitors of HIV entry

ABSTRACT

Described herein are chimeric peptides comprising a soluble trimeric coiled-coil and all or a portion of the N-peptide region of HIV gp41. These molecules are stable, trimeric coiled-coils that inhibit HIV entry into cells, such as human cells. Such peptides can be further assessed to demonstrate their ability to serve as potent anti-HIV therapeutic molecules and thus, as therapeutic molecules or drugs.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] This application is a continuation of International Application No. PCT/US01/29637, which designated the United States and was filed Sep. 21, 2001, published in English, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/668,072, filed Sep. 22, 2000 which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/364,497, filed Jul. 30, 1999, and which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/132,295, filed May 3, 1999, U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/101,058, filed Sep. 18, 1998, U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/100,265, filed Sep. 14, 1998, and U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/094,676, filed Jul. 30, 1998.

[0002] This application is also a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/746,742, filed on Dec. 21, 2000, which is a continuation of International Application No. PCT/US99/17351, which designated the United States and was filed Jul. 30, 1999, published in English, and which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/132,295, filed May 3, 1999, U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/101,058, filed Sep. 18, 1998, U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/100,265, filed Sep. 14, 1998, and U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/094,676, filed Jul. 30, 1998.

[0003] This application is also a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/668,072, filed Sep. 22, 2000, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/364,497, filed Jul. 30, 1999, and which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/132,295, filed May 3, 1999, U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/101,058, filed Sep. 18, 1998, U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/100,265, filed Sep. 14, 1998, and U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/094,676, filed Jul. 30, 1998.

[0004] This application is also a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/364,497, filed Jul. 30, 1999, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/132,295, filed May 3, 1999, U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/101,058, filed Sep. 18, 1998, U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/100,265, filed Sep. 14, 1998, and U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/094,676, filed Jul. 30, 1998.

[0005] The entire teachings of all of the above-referenced applications are incorporated herein by reference.

GOVERNMENT SUPPORT

[0006] Work described herein was funded, in whole or in part, by Grant Number P01 GM56552 from the National Institutes of Health. The United States Government has rights in the invention.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0007] HIV is the virus that is responsible for the worldwide AIDS epidemic. The initial stages of HIV infection involve the fusion of viral membrane with the target cell membrane, a process that injects the viral contents into the cellular cytoplasm. On the viral side, the molecular complex responsible for the fusion activity contains the surface protein gp 120 and the transmembrane protein gp41. It is the current hypothesis that gp120 interacts with the proteins CD4 and coreceptor on the target cell, resulting in a conformational change that causes gp41 to insert its amino terminus (fusion peptide region) into the target cell membrane. This structural rearrangement promotes the fusion of virus and cellular membranes through a poorly understood mechanism.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0008] Described herein are chimeric peptides comprising a soluble trimeric coiled-coil and all or a portion of the N-peptide region of HIV gp41. These molecules are stable, trimeric coiled-coils that inhibit HIV entry into cells, such as human cells. Such peptides can be further assessed to demonstrate their ability to serve as potent anti-HIV therapeutic molecules and thus, as therapeutic molecules or drugs.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0009] The file of this patent contains at least one drawing executed in color. Copies of this patent with color drawing(s) will be provided by the Patent and Trademark Office upon request and payment of the necessary fee.

[0010]FIG. 1 is the structural arrangement of HIV gp41. Helical regions (heptad repeats) are shown in grey and the relative position of N-(N36) and C-(C34, DP178) peptides are indicated. In the ribbon diagram of the helical region, the N-peptides are in light grey and the C-peptides are in dark grey.

[0011]FIG. 2 is the amino acid sequences of IQ peptides (SEQ ID Nos: 1-9).

[0012] FIGS. 3A-3C show, respectively, a helical wheel representation of IQN17 (FIG. 3A); the CD spectrum of IQN17 (FIG. 3B); and analytical ultracentrifugation data for IQN17 (FIG. 3C). “XLA” is referred to herein as analytical ultracentrifugation.

[0013] FIGS. 4A-4E are photographs of results of syncytia assays carried out in the absence of IQN peptide (FIG. 4A), in the presence of IQN17 at 80 nM (FIG. 4B) or at 320 nM (FIG. 4C) or in the presence of IQN23 at 80 nM (FIG. 4D) or at 320 nM (FIG. 4E).

[0014]FIG. 5 is a graphic representation of the inhibitory activity of IQN17 and IQN23 in a viral infectivity assay.

[0015]FIG. 6 is a graphic representation of the inhibitory activity of N36 and GCN4-pI_(Q)I in a viral infectivity assay. The results presented clearly show a lack of inhibitory activity by both N36 and GCN-pI_(Q)I.

[0016]FIG. 7 is a working model for HIV membrane fusion (Chan & Kim 1988). In the native state of HIV-1 env (“Native”), the fusion-peptide and N-peptide regions of gp41 are not exposed. Following interaction with cellular receptors (CD4 and coreceptor), a conformational change results in formation of the transient pre-hairpin intermediate (“Pre-hairpin”), in which the fusion-peptide regions (red lines) are inserted into the cell membrane and the coiled coil of the N-peptide region of gp41 (indicated as “N”) is exposed. However, the C-peptide region of gp41 (indicated as “C”) is constrained and unavailable for interaction with the coiled coil. Thus, exogenous C-peptides can bind to the pre-hairpin intermediate and inhibit fusion in a dominant-negative manner (“Inhibited”). In the absence of inhibitors, the pre-hairpin intermediate resolves to the hairpin structure and membrane fusion results (“Hairpin/Fusion”), although it is not known if hairpin formation precedes membrane fusion per se. The inset depicts the 2.0 Å X-ray crystal structure of N36/C34, a peptide version of the HIV-1 gp41 core (Chan et al. 1997). Three central N-peptides form a coiled coil, shown here as a surface representation, and three helical C-peptides pack along conserved grooves on the surface of the coiled coil trimer. There are three symmetry-related hydrophobic pockets on the surface of the N-peptide coiled coil (shaded).

[0017]FIG. 8 is a graphic illustration showing that the chimeric peptides are composed of two parts: 1) one of the designed trimeric coiled-coils (GCN4-pI_(Q)I or IZ) (SEQ ID Nos: 10 and 11) and 2) one of the four regions of gp41 (SEQ ID NO: 12). These regions are designated N17 (SEQ ID NO: 18), N23 (SEQ ID NO: 34), N36 (SEQ ID NO: 35) and N26 (SEQ ID NO: 36).

[0018]FIG. 9 is a graph of concentration (nM) versus number syncytium showing the results of the cell/cell fusion assay in the presence of IQN17 and IZN17.

[0019]FIG. 10 is the amino acid sequence of IQN26 (SEQ ID NO: 13).

[0020]FIG. 11 is the amino acid sequence of IZN26 (SEQ ID NO: 14).

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0021] The present invention relates to soluble peptides, referred to as soluble IQ (or IN) peptides, which, under the conditions described herein, fold into a stable trimeric coiled-coil (helical) structure and inhibit HIV infection of mammalian cells, such as human cells. In a specific embodiment, the soluble IQ peptides also bind D-peptide inhibitors of HIV infection of human cells, under the conditions described herein. In one embodiment, soluble IQ peptides comprise a trimeric coiled-coil peptide and a portion of the N-helix coiled-coil of HIV gp41 (HIV gp41 N-peptide); the components are present in the following “order”: N-terminus—trimeric coiled-coil peptide—N-helix coiled coil of HIV gp41—C-terminus. The trimeric coiled-coil peptide can be from (comprise amino acid residues that correspond to those in) a variety of sources, such as GCN4, the yeast transcription activator; Moloney Murine Leukemia Virus (MoMLV); GCN4-pII, GCN4-pI_(Q)I and the ABC heterotrimer. It can also be from other designed trimeric coiled coils such as the isoleucine zipper (IZ) described by Tanaka et al., or derivatives of this ‘IZ’ sequence. In those embodiments in which the trimeric coiled-coil peptide is from the isoleucine zipper, they are referred to as IZ peptides. Alternatively, it can comprise a trimeric coiled-coil peptide from HIV. Three examples of coiled-coils of interest are: GCN4-pI_(Q)I: (SEQ ID NO: 15) Ac-RMKQIEDKIEEILSKQYHIENEIARIKKLIGER-NH2 GCN4-pI_(Q)I′: (SEQ ID NO: 10) Ac-RMKQIEDKIEEIESKQKKIENEIARIKKLIGERY-NH2

[0022] Tanaka's isoleucine zipper: Ac-YGGIEKKIEAIEKKIEAIEKKIEAIEKKIEA-NH₂ (SEQ ID NO: 16)

[0023] The “IZ” molecule derived from Tanaka et al., but with mutations: Ac-YGGIKKEIEQEAIEKIAIEKEIEA-NH2 (SEQ ID NO: 11).

[0024] The amino acid residues that comprise an IQ peptide of the present invention can be amino acid residues that are contiguous (consecutive) or noncontiguous (nonconsecutive) in the trimeric coiled-coil peptide from which it is derived and/or amino acid residues that are contiguous (consecutive) or noncontiguous (nonconsecutive) in HIV gp41 N-peptide, provided that the resulting IQ peptide (the IQ peptide in which they are present) is stable, soluble, helical, and trimeric and inhibits HIV infection of human cells. In the embodiments of IQ peptides in which nonconsecutive amino acid residues of either or both components of the IQ peptide are present, the residues, as included in the IQ peptide, can be consecutive or can be separated or joined by a linker. The linker can be, for example, an amino acid residue(s) that do not occur between two amino acid residues in the peptide from which the component is derived. Alternatively, the “linker” can be a chemical or synthetic linker. A component of an IQ peptide of the present invention is considered to be “derived from” another peptide (e.g., a trimeric coiled-coil or HIV gp41 N-peptide) if the component itself (or the nucleic acid molecule(s) that encode the amino acid sequence) is obtained or isolated/separated from a source in which it occurs (e.g., from a cell in which the peptide occurs, such as a portion of a protein from which it can be removed) or is produced by recombinant DNA methods, chemical synthesis or any other method, to comprise an amino acid sequence or a nucleic acid sequence that is the same as or substantially the same as the sequences of the peptide. That is, the term is intended to be interpreted broadly and does not require that a component be physically derived from the peptide referred to.

[0025] In the embodiments in which the soluble IQ peptides comprise an IQ region that is a GCN4 trimeric coiled-coil peptide, they are referred to as IQN peptides. IQN peptides comprise all or a portion of GCN4-pI_(Q) I (formerly referred to as GCN4-pIQ in U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/101,058; Eckert D. M. et al. J. Mol. Biol, 284: 859-865 (1998)) or a modified version of all or a portion of GCN4-pI_(Q)I, such as a modified portion that includes mutations for increased solubility, and all or a portion of the HIV gp41 N-peptide. Typically, 5 or more (e.g., 7, 8, 9 or 10) amino acid residues from HIV-gp41 N-peptide up to and including all of the residues of the N-peptide will comprise the HIV gp41 component of the IQ peptides.

[0026] Soluble IQN peptides of the present invention comprise, in specific embodiments, a portion of the HIV gp41 N-peptide sufficient to bind the C-peptide (region) of HIV gp41 and a sufficient portion of the GCN4 trimeric coiled-coil peptide or a modified version of the GCN4 peptide that the resulting IQN peptide is a soluble trimeric (helical) coiled coil. In further embodiments, IQN peptides comprise a portion of the HIV gp41 N-peptide that includes the amino acid residues which form the pocket or cavity of HIV gp41 (the pocket-comprising residues of the N-peptide). In yet further embodiments, IQN peptides do not comprise amino acid residues which form the pocket or cavity of HIV gp41. They do, however, comprise amino acid residues from HIV gp41. (See, for example, IQN23, IQN36 and IQN26).

[0027] Nomenclature of IQ peptides refers to the number of amino acid residues from the HIV gp41 N-peptide or a modified version of HIV gp41 N-peptide present in the IQ peptide. For example, 17 amino acid residues of HIV gp41 are included in the IQN17 peptide described herein. As explained above, the trimeric coiled coil peptide component of an IQ peptide must be sufficient in amino acid composition (identity and number/length) to result, when joined to the HIV gp41 N-peptide portion, in formation of a soluble trimeric helical (coiled-coil) IQ peptide. In certain embodiments of the IQN peptides of the present invention, the trimeric coiled-coil peptide, referred to as the “GCN4 portion”, comprises at least 15, 16, 17, 18, 19 or 20 amino acid residues of GCN4. The amino acid residues present in the components of an IQN peptide can correspond to amino acid residues that are contiguous (consecutive) or noncontiguous (nonconsecutive) in, respectively, the GCN4 transcription activator (or GCN4-pI_(Q)I) and HIV gp41 N-peptide or a modified version of the activator or the N-peptide, provided that the resulting IQN peptide is an inhibitor of HIV infection of human cells, as described herein. The IQ and IZ peptides of the present invention can be produced as a continuous peptide or as components that are joined or linked after they are formed. As used herein, the terms “joined” or “joined in such a manner” or “incorporated” include incorporating amino acid residues by either approach.

[0028] For example, the GCN component of an IQN peptide can comprise consecutive amino acid residues from GCN4-pI_(Q)I, modified, if desired (e.g., to increase solubility, as is the case in IQN17 (SEQ ID NO.: 1)). Alternatively, amino acid residues that are not consecutive in the GCN4 activator (or in GCN4-pI_(Q)I), joined in such a manner that they are nonconsecutive or consecutive in the resulting GCN4 component of an IQN peptide, can be incorporated in the IQN peptide. Similarly, the amino acid residues of the HIV gp41 N-peptide component of an IQN peptide of the present invention can be amino acid residues that occur consecutively or nonconsecutively in HIV gp41 N-peptide and can be incorporated into in IQN peptide in such a manner that they are consecutive or nonconsecutive in the resulting peptide. In the embodiments in which nonconsecutive amino acid residues are used, they can be separated by one or more “linker” molecules, if needed to retain the respective functions/characteristics of the components and of the IQN peptide. For example, an amino acid residue(s) other than the residue(s) that normally occur between two amino acid residues of GCN4 or HIV gp41 N-peptide can be used to link or join the two amino acid residues in the IQN peptide. Alternatively, the linker can be a chemical or synthetic linker, for example. Under the conditions described herein, IQN peptides have been shown to fold into a stable structure, bind peptide inhibitors of HIV-1 infection and inhibit HIV infection of human cells. For example, IQN17 and IQN23 have been shown to fold into stable structures, bind Dpeptides previously shown to be inhibitors of HIV-1 infection and inhibit HIV infection of human cells. IQN36, as well as versions of IQN17 that are shortened in the ‘IQ’ region are also described. These shortened versions may be therapeutically advantageous because, for example, they are easier and less expensive to produce than are larger peptides.

[0029] A specific embodiment of an IQN peptide is IQN17, which contains 29 residues of GCN4-pI_(Q)I, including three mutations for increased solubility, and 17 residues of HIV; there is a one residue overlap between the two proteins, making the total length of the fusion protein 45 residues. The sequence of GCN4-pIqI is ac-MKQIEDKIEEILSKQYHIENEIARIKKLIGER (SEQ ID NO: 17). In this embodiment, the HIV Sequence is: LLQLTVWG IKQLQARIL (SEQ ID NO: 18). The sequence of IQN17 is: ac-RMKQIEDKIEEIESKQKKIENEIARIKK LLQLTVWGIKQLQARIL-am (SEQ ID NO.: 1). In the sequences presented, ac represents an N-terminal acetyl group and am represents a C-terminal amide group. IQN17 has been shown to inhibit HIV of human cells, as described herein.

[0030] Shortened versions of IQN17, which each contain 17 amino acid residues of HIV gp41 N-helix (SEQ ID NO.: 2), but include a shorter GCN component than is present in IQN17, are also the subject of this invention. Specific examples of these shortened IQN17 peptides are:

[0031] a) shortened IQN17 #1, (SEQ ID NO.: 5), in which there are eight amino acid residues of GCN4-pI_(Q)I: EIARIKKL (SEQ ID NO.: 19);

[0032] b) shortened IQN17 #2 (SEQ ID NO.: 6), in which there are 15 amino acid residues of GCN4-pI_(Q)I: KQKKIENEIAAIKKL (SEQ ID NO.: 20) and

[0033] c) shortened IQN17 #3 (SEQ ID NO.: 7), in which there are 15 non-HIV amino acid residues KIKKIENEIARIKKL (SEQ ID NO.: 21). This is GCN4-pI_(Q)I′ with an I to Q mutation, and is referred to as GCN4pII′.

[0034] d) shortened IQN17 #4 (SEQ ID NO.: 8), in which there are 21 amino acid residues of GCN4-pI_(Q)p: KIEEIESKQKKIENEIARIKKL (SEQ ID NO.: 22 and

[0035] e) shortened IQN17 #5 (SEQ ID NO.: 9), in which there are 21 non-HIV amino acid residues: KIEEIESKIKKIENEIARIKK (SEQ ID NO.: 23).

[0036] Another specific embodiment of this invention is IQN23. One embodiment, referred to as IQN23 version 1, has the following sequence: ac-RMKQIEDKIEEILSKQYHIENEIARIKKLIEAQQHLLQLTVWGIKQLQARIL-am (SEQ ID NO.: 2). In IQN23 version 1, there are 29 amino acid residues in the GCN4 component and 23 amino acid residues in the HIV gp41 component (a total of 52 amino acid residues). A second embodiment of an IQN23, referred to as IQN23 version 2, also includes 23 amino acid residues of N-peptide of gp41 and 29 amino acid residues in its GCN component, but differs from IQN23, version 1 at amino acid residues 17 and 18 (and the L at position 15 is changed to E). In version 1, these two residues are, respectively, Y and H and in version 2, they are, respectively, both K. Three modifications have been made—the L, Y and H. These are the same three modifications that were made to make IQN17 more soluble. The two “versions” are referred to as GCN4-pI_(Q)I and GCN4-pI_(Q)I′. The sequence of IQN23 version 2 is: ac-RMKQIEDKIEEIESKQKKIENEIARIEAQQHLLQLTVWGIKQLQARILNH2 SEQ ID NO.: 3). As described herein, IQN23 (both versions) inhibits HIV infection more effectively than does IQN17.

[0037] Another specific embodiment of IQN peptides of this invention is IQN36, in which there are 30 amino acid residues of GCN4-pI_(Q)I and 36 amino acid residues of HIV. The sequence of IQN36 (SEQ ID NO.: 4) is shown in FIG. 2. The sequence of the GCN4-pI_(Q)I component is: ac-RMKQIEDKIEEIESKQKKIENEIARIKKLI (SEQ ID NO.: 24) and the HIV amino acid residues are: SGIVQQQNNLLRAIEAQQHLLQLTVWGIKQLQARIL—NH2 (SEQ ID NO.: 25). The sequence of IQN36 is: ac-RMKQIEDKIEEIESKQKKIENEIARIKKLI SGIVQQQNNLLRAIEAQQHLLQLTVWGIKQLQARIL—NH2 (SEQ ID NO.: 3).

[0038] A wide variety of fusion proteins which are variants of IQN17 can be produced and used to inhibit HIV. Fusion proteins include proteins made as a single continuous molecule or as components that are subsequently joined or linked together. Any of a wide variety of variations can be made in the GCN4-pIqI component of IQN17 and used in the method, provided that these changes do not alter the trimeric state of the coiled-coil. For example, the amino acid composition of the GCN4 component can be changed by the addition, substitution, modification and/or deletion of one or more amino acid residues, provided that the trimeric state of the coiled-coil is maintained. For example, the Asp residue in IQN17 (at an “f-position” of the coiled coil) can be replaced by any of the naturally-occurring amino acids. (O'Neil and DeGrado, Science 250:646 (1990)). Alternatively, this component of the fusion protein can be a trimenic version of the coiled-coil region of another protein, such as that from Moloney Murine Leukemia Virus (Fass, D. et al. Nature Struct. Biology, 3:465 (1996)), GCN4-pII (Harbury et al., Nature, 317:80, 1994) or the ABC heterotrimer (Nautiyal and Alber, Protein Science 8:84 (1999)), or the isoleucine zipper described by Tanaka, et al.

[0039] Changes can also be made in the amino acid composition of the fusion protein component which is the C-terminal portion of the HIV gp41 N peptide to produce a variety of fusion proteins to be used to prevent HIV infection of cells. The C-terminal portion can be changed by the addition, substitution, modification and/or deletion of one or more amino acid residues. The amino acid composition of either or both components of the fusion protein can be altered, and there is no limit to the number or types of amino acid residue changes possible, provided that the trimeric state of the coiled-coil is maintained. It is not necessary that the pocket or cavity of gp41 be included, although in many embodiments the pocket is present.

[0040] In all embodiments, controlled or time release (gradual release, release at a particular time after administration or insertion) of the drug can be effected by, for example, incorporating the drug into a composition which releases the drug gradually or after a defined period of time. Alternatively, the drug can be incorporated into a composition which releases the drug immediately or soon after its administration or application (e.g., into the blood, vagina, mouth or rectum). Combined release (e.g., release of some of the drug immediately or soon after insertion, and over time or at a particular time after insertion) can also be effective (e.g., by producing a composition which is comprised of two or more materials: one from which release or delivery occurs immediately or soon after insertion and/or one from which release or delivery is gradual and/or one from which release occurs after a specified period). For example, a drug or drugs which bind the HIV cavity can be incorporated into a sustained release composition such as that taught in U.S. Pat. No. 4,707,362. The cream, foam, gel or suppository can be one also used for birth control purposes (e.g., containing a spermicide or other contraceptive agent), although that is not necessary (e.a., it can be used solely to deliver the anti-HIV drug, alone or in combination with another non-contraceptive agent, such as an antibacterial or antifungal drug or a lubricating agent). An anti-HIV drug of the present invention can also be administered to an individual through the use of a contraceptive device (e.g., condom, cervical cap, diaphragm) which is coated with or has incorporated therein in a manner which permits release under conditions of use a drug or drugs which bind the HIV gp41 N-helix coiled coil. Release of the drug(s) can occur immediately, gradually or at a specified time, as described above. As a result, they make contact with and bind HIV and reduce or prevent viral entry into cells.

[0041] Fusion proteins of the present invention comprise a soluble, trimeric form or version of a coiled-coil, such as a soluble, trimeric form or version of a coiled-coil region of a protein (of non-HIV origin or of HIV origin) and a sufficient portion of the C-terminal end of the N-peptide of HIV gp41 to bind to the C-peptide region. In one embodiment, the portion of the C-terminal end of the N-peptide comprises sufficient amino acid residues to bind to the C-peptide region and include the HIV coiled-coil cavity or hydrophobic pocket (the pocket comprising residues of the N-peptide). The N-peptide of HIV gp41 can be that of HIV-1, HIV-2, another HIV strain or a strain from another species (e.g., simian immunodeficiency virus (SUV), feline immunodeficiency virus or Visna virus). For example, HIV-2 sequence LLRLTVWGTKNLQARVT (SEQ ID NO: 26), SIV sequence LLRLTVWGTKNLQTRVT (SEQ ID NO: 27) or a sequence comprising invariant residues in HIV-1, HIV-2 and SIV (represented LLXLTVWGXKXLQXRXX (SEQ ID NO: 28), wherein amino acid residues L, T, V, W, G, K, Q, and R are the single letter code used for amino acid residues and X can be any amino acid residue). Also the subject of this invention is a soluble trimeric model of the HIV gp41 hydrophobic pocket, which can be a D-peptide or an L-peptide and comprises a soluble trimeric coiled-coil and a sufficient portion of the N-peptide region of HIV gp41 to comprise the amino acid residues which form the pocket of the N-helix coiled-coil region of HIV gp41. The D- or L-peptide can comprise, as the soluble, trimeric coiled-coil, the coiled-coil of GCN4-pI_(Q)I; GCN4-pII; Moloney Murine Leukemia Virus or the ABC heterotrimer. The component which is a sufficient portion of the N-peptide of HIV gp41 to comprise the amino acid residues of the pocket can comprise, for example: LLQLTVWGIKQLQARIL of HIV-1(SEQ ID NO: 18); LLRLTVWGTKNLQARVT of HIV-2 (SEQ ID NO: 26); LRLTVWGTKNTLQTRVT of SIV (SEQ ID NO: 27) or the invariant residues of these, which are: LLXLTVWGXKXLQXRXX (SEQ ID NO: 28).

[0042] One embodiment of the instant invention is fusion proteins in which the components are a trimeric version of the coiled-coil region of a protein (such as GCN4-p_(IQ)I) and the N-helix coiled-coil of HIV gp41 that include all, part or none of the N-helix cavity. That is, a fusion protein of the present invention can comprise a trimeric form of the coiled-coil region of GCN4-pI_(Q)I and a portion of the N-peptide of HIV-1 gp41, wherein the portion of the N-peptide of gp41 comprises part, or all, or none of the N-helix cavity of HIV-I gp41. For example, a fusion protein can be made that contains residues from GCNL4-pI_(Q)I and residues from N36. The fusion protein, denoted IQN24n, contains 29 residues of GCN4-pI_(Q)I, including three mutations for increased solubility, and 24 residues from the N-terminal end of N36 (SGIVQQQNNLLRAIEAQQHLLQLT) (SEQ ID NO: 29); for recombinant expression in E. coli, an extra Met residue is included at the N-terminus. For example, a fusion protein can comprise a portion of the N-peptide of HIV gp41 comprising the amino acid sequence of (SEQ ID NO: 29). The sequence of IQN24n is: MRMKQIEDKIEEIESKQKKIENEIARIKKLISGIVQQQNNLLRAIEAQQHLLQLT (SEQ ID NO: 30). This fusion protein can be made by a variety of methods, including chemical synthesis or recombinant DNA methods or by recombinant expression in E. coli, in which case the N- and C-termini are not blocked. Because the superhelix parameters of the GCN4-pIQI coiled-coil are nearly identical to the HIV gp41 N-helix coiled-coil, the resulting fusion protein molecule IQN24n is predicted to form a long trimeric coiled-coil, which presents part of the gp41 N-helix coiled-coil as a trimer (not aggregated).

[0043] The same strategy described herein to solve this problem for the gp41 hydrophobic pocket can be applied towards the development of soluble, trimenic models of the gp41 N-helix coiled-coil region in general. Such trimeric models (including IQN 17, but also including, for example, peptides that do not contain the pocket residues of gp41) can be used as inhibitors.

[0044] Any of a wide variety of variations can be made in the GCN4-pIQI component of fusion proteins described herein (e.g., IQN17 or IQN24n) and used in the method, provided that these changes do not alter the trimeric state of the coiled-coil. Changes can also be made in the amino acid composition of the fusion protein component which is the portion from the HIV gp41 N36 peptide, to produce variants (e.g., variants of IQN17 or IQN24n). There is no limit to the number or types of amino acid residue changes possible, provided that the trimeric state of the coiled-coil and the structure of the surface of the fusion protein corresponding to the N-peptide coiled coil of HIVgp41 are maintained. The fusion protein component which is the portion of the HIV gp41 peptide can include all, part, or none of the N-helix cavity. For example, other parts of N51, N36, DP-107, or other regions of the HIV gp41 N-helix region can be fused to GCN4-pI_(Q)I (or another trimeric version of the coiled-coil region of a protein) to generate trimeric (not aggregated) helical coiled-coil fusion proteins and used in the method. There is no limit to the number or types of fusion proteins that can be designed and generated, provided that the trimeric state of the coiled-coil and the structure of the surface of the fusion protein corresponding to the N-peptide coiled coil of HIV gp41 are maintained. Such fusion proteins can be designed and generated using methods known to those of skill in the art, such as evaluating heptad-repeat positions or superhelix parameters of coiled coils.

[0045] IQN17 is useful as an anti-HIV therapeutic agent, a prophylactic agent or drug to prevent HIV infection, a reagent for identification (screening for) or designing other anti-HIV therapeutics or prophylactics, and an imrnunogen to elicit antibodies that prevent HIV infection.

[0046] Applicants have shown that a portion of the N-peptide can be solublized by addition of a soluble, trimeric coiled-coil, GCN4-pI_(Q)I. The resulting molecule is stable under physiological conditions and is correctly folded such that IQN17 presents a surface that is structurally complementary to the C-peptide region of HIV gp41. Further, IQN17 and similar molecules can be assessed for their ability to bind to the C-helical region of gp41, and inhibit its function. The N-helical core of gp41 is highly conserved (in terms of amino acid composition) and thus, it is likely that IQN17 and variants thereof will be broadly neutralizing against a variety of clinical HIV strains and, thus, useful therapeutically.

[0047] IQN17, which is based upon the known structure of the gp41 ectodomain, consists, in one embodiment, of three N-peptides joined to (or present in larger molecule with) a soluble trimeric coiled-coil and arranged to fold into a substantial part of the N-helical core with peptide biding sites of the N-peptides exposed.

[0048] IQN17 protein can be produced by a variety of methods. For example, it can be chemically synthesized. Alternatively, it can be produced, using known methods and expression systems, by expressing IQN17 protein-encoding DNA, which can be a single DNA that encodes the entire IQN17 protein. Alternatively, protein synthetic methods can be used to produce IQN17 protein.

[0049] IQ(IN) peptides can have a wide variety of sequences, both in the N-helix and fused coiled-coil components, and can be comprised of L-amino acid residues, D-amino acid residues and modified amino acids residues. IQN17 can include amino acid residues in addition to those of the helices and the fused coiled-core (e.g., to stabilize the molecule). It is likely that the IQN17 described here can be altered to enhance stability and activity. Minor changes in the fused coiled-coil and the exact borders of the N-Helix are likely to have significant effects on the stability, yield, and activity of IQN17.

[0050] As currently constructed, IQN17 exposes a portions of three C-peptide binding sites. A strategy for exposing longer segments of the C-peptide binding site on IQN17 (or related molecules) involves extending the N-peptide region of IQN17.

[0051] IQN17 is useful in a variety of contexts. As described herein, IQN17 is a potent inhibitor of viral membrane fusion, and, thus, acts on the virus before it enters the cell (unlike current practical therapy, which acts on HIV-infected cells). IQN17 is quite soluble and has been shown to be stable under the conditions described herein. It is reasonable to expect that its size will prevent rapid filtration in the kidney. In addition, IQN17 dimers can be made by disulfide crosslinking, to produce a molecule filtered to a lesser extent than the IQN17 “monomer”. Thus, it is reasonable to expect that dimers have an enhanced bioavailability when compared to the C-peptides.

[0052] IQN17 prevents virus from entering cells, unlike standard therapy that targets viral proteins after viral entry, and thus, IQN17 can be used prophylactically to prevent infection or reduce the extent to which infection occurs. One use for such a therapeutic is in the event of a needlestick injury, such as might occur in a hospital or in settings in which needles contaminated with HIV are shared.

[0053] In one embodiment of the present invention, IQN17 is used to reduce HIV infection in an individual. In this embodiment, IQN17 is administered, either as IQN17 itself or via expression of IQN17-encoding DNA in appropriate host cells or vectors, to an individual in sufficient quantity to reduce (totally or partially) HIV infection of the individual's cells. That is, a dose of IQN17 sufficient to reduce HIV infection (an effective dose) is administered in such a manner (e.g., by injection, topical administration, intravenous route that it inhibits (totally or partially) HIV entry into cells. In one embodiment, a gene therapy approach is used to provide the effective dose, by introducing cells that express IQN17 protein into an individual. IQN17 can be administered to an individual who is HIV infected, to reduce further infection, or to an uninfected individual, to reduce infection.

[0054] The serum stability of IQN17 can be tested, using known methods to ascertain its therapeutic potential.

[0055] The outside surface of the fusion coiled-coil of IQN17 can be varied, for example, to enhance bioavailability, decrease toxicity, and avoid immune clearance. IQN17 exhibits potent inhibitory activity and GCN4-pI_(Q)I does not, it is the exposed N-peptide region that is responsible for inhibition. The rest of the molecule provides a scaffold for displaying the N-peptide. Therefore, this scaffold can be modified without adversely affecting the inhibitory activity of IQN17. Modification of the scaffold may provide several advantages. First, it would facilitate procedures in which multiple administrations of IQN17 are required. For example, when IQN17 is used as an anti-HIV therapeutic agent, multiple doses might be required. After extended administration, individuals might develop antibodies to IQN17 which are likely to increase its clearance from the body. The availability of multiple versions of IQN17 would help to circumvent this problem by evading preexisting antibodies. Second, it may be possible to design versions of IQN17, for example by introducing glycosylation sites on the external surface, in which the scaffold is less immunogenic.

[0056] The trimer of helical hairpins (TOH) is a common feature of many viral membrane fusion proteins (Singh, M. et al. J. Mol. Biol.290,1031-1041(1999)). It has been observed in crystal structures of influenza, Ebola SV5 (simian parainfluenza virus 5), and RSV (human respiratory syncitial virus). In addition, many other members of the retrovirus, paramyxovirus, and filovirus families are predicted to contain this motif. A similar structure has been observed in the associated vertebrate vesicle fusion proteins and may be found in sperm-egg, fertilization proteins. The basic strategy described herein can be applied to any of these systems in order to inhibit fusion.

[0057] The present invention is illustrated by the following examples, which are not intended to be limiting in any way.

EXAMPLE 1 Assessment of the Specificity of IQN/Peptide Interaction and of Inhibition by IQN Peptide of Membrane Fusion

[0058] Assays were carried out to assess the ability of IQN17 to interact with the C-region of gp41 and inhibit function of the fusion protein. This inhibition of membrane fusion by IQN17 and IQN23 and GCN4-pI_(Q)I was assessed using a cell based assay. Proteins IQN17, IQN23 and GCN4-pI_(Q)I are serially diluted in modified DMEM media with 5% FCS and aliquoted into slide chambers. HELA cells (4×10⁴) expressing CD4 and coreceptor and containing a βgalactosidase gene under the control of the Tat promoter are added. CHO cells (2×10⁴) expressing gp160 (precursor protein to gp120/gp41) and Tat are also added. The 400 μl miniculture is incubated at 37° for 8 to 24 hours; fused cells (syncytia) will transcribe and translate β-galactosidase. The cells are fixed in gluteraldehyde and exposed to X-gal/Fe solution for one hour. Syncytia that contain P-galactosidase turn blue-green. In this assay, IQN17 demonstrates a potent inhibition of syncytia formation, with an IC₅₀ of 20-80 nM.

[0059] The inhibitory potentials of IQN17, IQN23 and GCN4-pI_(Q)I have been reproduced in viral fusion experiments. HIV, modified to contain a luciferase reporter gene, is mixed with HOS cells expressing CD4 and coreceptor in the presence of diluted protein for 6 hours at 37° C. (Chan et al., Cell, 93, 681-684 (1998)). The virus solution is replaced, and the HOS culture is incubated 48 hours more in fresh media. Luciferase activity is measured in a luminometer. In this assay, IQN17 inhibits luciferase activity with an IC₅₀ of approximately 250 nM; IQN23 with an IC₅₀ of approximately 80 nM. Again, GCN4-pI_(Q)I shows no appreciable block up to 10 μM.

EXAMPLE 2 Assessment of Inhibition of Infectivity

[0060] Materials and Methods

[0061] Peptide Synthesis and Purification. All peptides were chemically synthesized on a PE Biosystems 431 A peptide synthesizer upgraded with feedback monitoring. The standard Fmoc/HBTU chemistry (Fields et al., 1991) was modified with DMSO/NMP resin swelling and acetic anhydride capping after every couple. The peptides were cleaved from the PE Biosystems Pal resin with Reagent K. Each peptide has an acetylated N terminus and a C-terminal amide.

[0062] The sequence of IQN17 is as described previously (Eckert et al.): Ac-RMKQIEDKIEEIESKQKKIENEIARIKKLLQLTVWGIKQLQARIL-NH₂ (SEQ ID NO: 1). The first 29 residues are a non-natural designed trimeric coiled-coil, and the final seventeen residues are derived from the N-peptide region of HXB2 gp41 (underlined). Sequential heptads were removed from the N-terminus of IQN17 to yield three increasingly shorter peptides: IQ₂₂N17 (Ac-KIEEIESKQKKIENEIARIKKLLQLTVWGIKQLQARIL-NH₂) (SEQ ID NO: 8), IQ₁₅N17 (Ac-KQKKIENEIARIKKLLQLTVWGIKWLWARIL-NH₂) (SEQ ID NO: 6) and IQ₈N17 (Ac-EIARIKKLLQLTVWGIKQLQARIL-NH₂) (SEQ ID NO: 5). More stable versions of the IQ₂₂N17 and IQ₁₅N17 peptides were made by changing the glutamine residues to isoleucines. These peptides are called II₂₂N17 and II₅N17, respectively. Also, longer IQN17 derivatives were made by inserting additional residues from the HXB2 gp41 N-peptide region, taking care to keep the coiled-coil register in tact. These peptides are IQN23 (Ac-RMKQIEDKIEEIESKQKKIENEIARIKKLIEAQQHLLQLTVWGIKQLQARIL-NH₂) (SEQ ID NO: 2), IQN36 (Ac-RMKQIEDKIEEIESKQKKIENEIARIKKLISGIVQQQNNLLRAIEAQ QHLLQLTVWGIKQLQARIL-NH₂) (SEQ ID NO: 4), and IQN26 (Ac-RMKQIEDKIEEIESKQYKIENEIARIKKLIVQARQLLSGIVQQQNNLLRAIEAQQH-NH₂ (SEQ ID NO: 13). Finally, an additional derivative of IQN17 was made in which an entirely different designed trimeric coiled-coil was placed N-terminal to the gp41-derived residues. The coiled-coil was based on a design described by Tanaka et al., but has significant alterations in the e and g positions and an I to Q substitution at an a position. The sequence of this peptide, called IZN17, is Ac-IKKEIEKKEQEAIKKKIE AIEKLLQLTVWGIKQLQARIL-NH₂ (SEQ ID NO: 31). Additional peptides that are being studied for their inhibitory activity are: IZN23 (Ac-IKKEIEAIKKEQEAIKKKIEKEIEAQQHLLQLTVWGIKQLQARIL-NH₂) (SEQ ID NO: 32), IZN36 (Ac-IKKEIEAIKKEQEAIKKKIEAIEKEISGIVQQQNNLLRAIEAQQHLLQLTVWGIKQL QARIL-NH₂) (SEQ ID NO: 33) and IZN26: (Ac-YGGIKKKEIEAIKKEQEAIKKKIEAIEKEIVQARQLLSGIVQQQNNLLRAIEAQQH-NH2 (SEQ ID NO: 14).

[0063] Following cleavage from the resin, each peptide was desalted over a Sephadex G-25 column (Pharmacia) and lyophilized. It was then resuspended in 5% acetic acid and purified over a Vydac C18 preparative column on a reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography apparatus (Waters, Inc.). The peptide was eluted from the column with a water-acetonitrile gradient in the presence of 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid and then lyophilized. The molecular weights of each peptide were validated using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry (PerSeptive Biosystems).

[0064] Circular Dichroism. All CD measurements were performed on an Aviv 62 DS cirucular dichroism spectrometer. Standard scans were performed on 10 μM solutions of peptide in PBS (50 mM sodium phosphate, 150 mM sodium chloride [pH 7.4]) from 200 to 260 nm in a 1 cm pathlength cuvette with a 5 second averaging time. The mean residue ellipticity (0) was calculated by dividing the raw signal by peptide concentration (M), pathlength (mm) and number of amino acids. Percent helicity was calculated according to Chen et al. (Biochemistry, 13, 1974, p3350). Thermal denaturation scans of 10 μM peptide solutions in PBS were recorded at 222 nm. The peptide was heated at two degree intervals starting at 4° C., with an equilibration time of 1.5 minutes and an averaging time of 60 seconds.

[0065] Sedimentation Equilibrium. All measurements were recorded on a Beckman XL-A analytical ultracentrifuge equipped with an An-60 Ti rotor. Lyophilized peptide was resuspended in water, and the peptide concentration was determined (Edelhoch, 1967). The solution was diluted to 100-200 μM and then dialized overnight against PBS. Following dialysis, the concentration was redetermined and the appropriate dilutions were made, using the dialysis buffer. The samples were centrifuged at speeds ranging from 19,000 to 25,000 RPM.

[0066] HIV Infectivity Assay. Inhibitory activity of IQN17 and derivatives was determined in an HIV luciferase assay (Chen et al., 1994). Specifically, virus was made by cotransfecting 293T cells with an HIV-1 genome containing a frame-shift mutation in env and luciferase replacing the nef gene (NL43LucR-E-) along with pCMVHXB2, an expression vector with the HXB2 gp160 gene. The resultant virus is only viable for one round of infection since its genome lacks the envelope gene. The cellular debris was removed by low-speed centrifugation. The remaining viral supernatant was used to infect HOS-CD4/Fusion cells (N. Landau, National Institutes of Health AIDS Reagent Program) in the presence of the potentially inhibitory peptides. Two days post infection, the cells were lysed and luciferase activity was monitored on a Wallac AutoLumat LB953 luminometer (Gaithersburg, Md.). IC₅₀s (the peptide concentration at which half of the viral infection is inhibited) were calculated by fitting the data to a Langmuir equation [y=k/(1+[peptide]/IC₅₀)], where y=luciferase activity and k is a scaling constant.

[0067] Results

[0068] The pocket-forming region of the N peptide inhibit as a coiled-coil trimer. The x-ray crystal structure of fusogenic gp41 shows a coiled-coil trimer of N peptides surrounded by three helical C peptides. A hydrophobic pocket at the base of the N peptides, into which three hydrophobic side chains from the each of the C peptides pack, has been shown to be an important target for anti-HIV-1 compounds. IQN17 is a chimeric molecule designed to accurately present this hydrophobic pocket in its proper trimeric coiled coil conformation, in the absence of C peptides (Eckert et al.). A designed trimeric coiled coil, GCN4-pI_(Q)I′, was fused to the N-terminus of seventeen residues of the N-peptide. These seventeen residues span the pocket region of the N peptide. Coiled coils are composed of a characteristic repeat of seven residues (designated a through g), with the first (a) and fourth (d) positions typically occupied by hydrophobic side chains. Careful attention was taken to fuse the GCN4 portion and the N-peptide portion in proper coiled coil register. Here, we assayed the inhibitory activity of this chimeric molecule, and determined that this activity is reliant on the coiled coil conformation.

[0069] Two synthetic peptides were compared: N17, containing the seventeen residues of the N peptide that comprise the hydrophobic pocket, and IQN17. N17 is difficult to get into solution—it precipitates. Therefore it is unlikely to be a discretely trimeric coiled coil. Alternatively, IQN17 is easily dissolved. It is a fully helical and discretely trimeric species at 20 μM. IQN17 is extremely stable, with a melting temperature above 100° C. Both peptides were assayed for their ability to inhibit viral infection. N17 does inhibit infection, but has an IC₅₀ of approximately 10 μM. IQN17 inhibits infectivity at approximately two orders of magnitude lower concentrations, with an IC₅₀ of approximately 180 nM. Therefore, the inhibitory activity of the N17 region of the N peptide is greatly enhanced in a trimeric coiled-coil conformation.

[0070] The pocket of IQN17 contains the inhibitory activity. To rule out the possibility that the IQ-portion of IQN17 is responsible for all or some of the inhibitory activity, two control molecules were studied. These peptides are GCN4-pI_(Q)I′ and IQN17 (G572D). GCN4-pI_(Q)I′ consists of only the IQ portion of IQN17. IQN17 (G572D) contains a mutation in the lining of the hydrophobic pocket. A glycine residue is changed to aspartate, introducing a charge into the otherwise hydrophobic environment. Both of these molecules are helical as determined by circular dichroism, and therefore serve as proper controls, structurally. In infectivity assays, they have little, if any inhibitory activity. GCN4-pI_(Q)I′ does not inhibit at any concentrations tested (so far up to 10 μM), and the IC₅₀ of the IQN17 (G572D) is about 20 μM. Therefore the hydrophobic pocket of IQN17 is responsible for the inhibitory activity of IQN17, with the IQ portion likely serving to present the pocket in the proper conformation.

[0071] The inhibitory potency of IQN17 is correlated to its stability. A series of peptides were studied to determine how much of the IQ portion of the molecule is required for the coiled coil structure and inhibitory activity of IQN17. Groups of seven residues were sequentially removed from the N-terminus of IQN17 to make peptides of 38, 31 and 24 amino acids in length (IQ₂₂N17, IQ₁₅N17 and IQ₈N17, respectively). IQ₂₂N17 showed a characteristic alpha helical CD spectrum at 10 μM with a minimum of approximately −36,000 deg cm² dmol⁻¹ at 222 nm. Not suprisingly, it is much less stable than wild type IQN17, with a melting temperature below 80° C. at 10 μM (IQN17 has a melting temperature above 100° C. at the same concentration). IQ₁₅N17, which is seven residues shorter than IQ₂₂N17, is slightly less helical with a minimum of approximately −27,000 deg cm² dmol⁻¹ at 222 nm. Also, the minimum at 208 nm is slightly lower than that at 222 nm, implying a partial unfolding of this peptide. Its thermal stability is about 10 degrees lower than that ofIQ₂₂N17. Finally, circular dichroism studies of IQ₈N17 show a much lower minimum at 208 than at 222 nm, implying that this peptide is not very helical. It is also much less stable than the first two peptides. The inhibitory activity of each of these peptides is significantly lower than that of wild type IQN17, despite the fact that IQ₂₂N17 is as helical as IQN17 at 10 μM. The IC₅₀ of IQ₂₂N17 for viral infectivity is around 1 μM, and the IC₅₀s of the two shorter molecules is close to 10 μM (very similar to the inhibitory activity of N17). Since IQ₂₂N17 is much less stable than IQN17, it is likely that it is unfolded at the lower concentrations in which IQN17 demonstrates inhibitory potency.

[0072] To determine if it is lowered stability that has negatively affected the inhibitory activity of IQ₂₂N17 and IQ₁₅N17, two additional peptides were made in which the glutamine in the a position of the IQ portion of the above two molecules was mutated to isoleucine. Previously it had been shown that mutating an isoleucine to a glutamine in the core of a trimeric coiled coil drastically reduces the stability of the coiled coil (Eckert, Malashkevich, Kim). These additional peptides are called II₂₂N17 and II₁₅N17. II₂₂N17 is extremely helical at 10 μM, with an approximate 222 nm minimum of 41,000 deg cm² dmol⁻¹. II₁₅N17 is slightly less helical with an approximate −33,000 deg cm² dmol⁻¹ minimum. As with IQ₁₅N17, the 208 nm minimum is slightly lower than the 222 nm minimum. The stability of these peptides and their inhibitory activity is increased relative to the glutamine versions. At 10 μM, II₂₂N17 is not melted even at 100° C. and its IC₅₀ is approximately 170 nM. II₅N17 is more stable than IQ₁₅N17, and its IC₅₀ is approximately 3 μM. Therefore it seems likely that the inhibitory activity of the peptides is correlated to the stability of the coiled-coil structures.

[0073] Increasing the length of the N peptide region does not necessarily increase inhibitory potency. Since IQN17 has a binding site for the C peptide region of gp41, it likely inhibits by binding to this region during the process of viral membrane fusion. Therefore, it is possible that by extending the length of the N-peptide region, thereby increasing the C peptide binding area, the inhibitory activity will improve. To test this hypothesis two additional peptides, IQN23 and IQN36, were constructed. They have seven and 19 additional residues from gp41, N-terminal to the pocket region, respectively. Analytical ultracentrifugation studies show that these peptides are more aggregated than IQN17 (with Mobs/Mcalc of 3.3 for IQN23 and 3.5 for IQN36 at 20 μM). The IC₅₀ of IQN23 is about 30 nM, and IQN36 has an IC₅₀ of approximately 50 nM. N36, just the gp41 region of IQN36, has an IC₅₀ of around 1 μM, as comparison. By increasing the gp41 residues from 17 to 23, there was an approximate 6-fold gain in inhibitory activity. Likewise, by increasing the residues from 17 to 36, there is a 3-fold gain. However, IQN23 is more potent than IQN36. Therefore, the inhibitory activity does not increase just due to adding N peptide residues. There is likely a trade-off between C-peptide binding energy and aggregation state. The longer the N peptide region is, the more aggregated the molecule is, and it therefore more poorly represents a discretely trimeric C peptide binding site.

[0074] The pocket region of the N peptide is not required for inhibitory activity. To determine if the pocket region was required for the inhibitory potency of the chimeric N peptide molecules, an additional peptide was made, IQN26. This peptide contains 26 residues of the N peptide region N-terminal to the hydrophobic pocket. Circular dichroism studies show it is helical, and sedimentation equilibrium studies show it is slightly aggregated. It does have potent inhibitory activity. Therefore, the N peptide region, when constrained in a coiled coil formation, has inhibitory activity even in the absence of the hydrophobic pocket region.

[0075] An alternate, more stable peptide, IZN17, is a more potent inhibitor. We studied an additional IQN17 derivative, in which the IQ portion of the molecule was replaced with another trimeric designed coiled coil. This coiled coil, called ‘IZ’ for isoleucine zipper, is based on a design described by Tanaka, et al., but has several changes in the e and g positions and an isoleucine to glutamine substitutation at an a position. The resulting peptide is termed IZN17. IZN17 is helical and discretely trimeric at 20 μM as determined by circular dichroism and sedimentation equilibrium, respectively. Interestingly, IZN17 has an IC₅₀ of approximately 5.6 nM in the viral infectivity assay, and is therefore a much better inhibitor than IQN17. There are two potential reasons for this increase in potency. First, IZN17 is likely more stable than IQN17, and therefore stays folded at lower concentration. Both peptides melt above 100° C., although thermal unfolding transitions can be seen in the presence of denaturant. In 2 M GuHCl, the thermal denaturation temperature of IZN17 is ten degrees higher than that of IQN17. Second, IZN17 contains two additional residues from the gp41 N peptide region, due to a coincidence in sequence between IZ and gp41. This could provide an increase in binding energy to the C peptide region of gp41.

[0076] The inhibitory activity of IZN23, IZN36 and IZN26 can be tested using known methods, such as those described herein. These peptides are likely to be potent inhibitors of HIV-1 infection.

[0077] The following Table summarizes the biophysical data and inhibitory activity for the chimeric coiled coil N peptides. The first column (0222 nm) is circular dichroism data, representing the helicity of each peptide. The lower the number, the more helical. The second column is the melting temperature and signifies the temperature at which half of the peptide is unfolded. The next column (Mobs/Mcalc) signifies the oligomeric state of the peptide, with 3.0 being a discrete trimer. The final column is the concentration at which each peptide is at half maximal inhibitory potency for viral infection. TABLE 1 Biophysical data and HIV-1 inhibitory activity of IQN17 and derivatives. θ_(222 nm) Melting (deg cm² Temperature M_(obs)/ PEPTIDE dmol⁻¹) (° C.) M_(calc) IC₅₀ (nm) IQN17 ˜−36,000 >100 3.15  ˜180 N17 n.d. n.d. n.d. ˜10,000 GCN4-pI_(Q)I’ ˜−31,000 68 3.00  >10,000 IQN17(G572D) ˜−39,000 n.d. n.d. ˜20,000 IQ₂₂N17 ˜−36,000 ˜76 2.73* ˜1,000 IQ₁₅N17 ˜−27,000 ˜64 n.d. ˜10,000 IQ₈N17 n.d. n.d. n.d. ˜10,000 II₂₂N17 ˜−41,000 >100 3.02  ˜170 II₁₅N17 ˜−33,000 ˜76 2.64  ˜3,000 IQN23 n.d. n.d. 3.29  ˜30 N23 n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. IQN36 n.d. n.d. 3.47  ˜50 N36 n.d. n.d. n.d. ˜1,000 IQN26   ˜25,000 ˜70 3.25  ˜43 IZN17 ˜−31,000 >100 3.05  5.6 IZN23 n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. IZN36 n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. IZN26   ˜33,000 ˜82 ˜2.87 n.d.

[0078] Many of these values are the results of one experiment, and are therefore tentative. Results will need to be confirmed by repeating experiments. n.d. means not determined

[0079] Legend:

[0080] Table 1 lists all of the peptides studied in this paper. The first column gives the name of the peptide. The second column is the ellipticity at 222 nm of a 20 μM solution of peptide in PBS. The third column lists the midpoint of thermal denaturation of 10 μM solutions of peptide in PBS. The fourth column gives the ratio of the observed molecular weight of 20 μM peptide solutions in PBS by analytical ultracentrifugation to the calculated molecular weight for a monomeric peptide. The final column give the concentration of peptide at which half of viral infectivity is inhibited (IC₅₀).

[0081] While this invention has been particularly shown and described with references to preferred embodiments thereof, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the scope of the invention encompassed by the appended claims.

1 36 1 45 PRT Artificial Sequence soluble chimeric peptide IQN17 1 Arg Met Lys Gln Ile Glu Asp Lys Ile Glu Glu Ile Glu Ser Lys Gln 1 5 10 15 Lys Lys Ile Glu Asn Glu Ile Ala Arg Ile Lys Lys Leu Leu Gln Leu 20 25 30 Thr Val Trp Gly Ile Lys Gln Leu Gln Ala Arg Ile Leu 35 40 45 2 52 PRT Artificial Sequence soluble chimeric peptide IQN23 2 Arg Met Lys Gln Ile Glu Asp Lys Ile Glu Glu Ile Leu Ser Lys Gln 1 5 10 15 Tyr His Ile Glu Asn Glu Ile Ala Arg Ile Lys Lys Leu Ile Glu Ala 20 25 30 Gln Gln His Leu Leu Gln Leu Thr Val Trp Gly Ile Lys Gln Leu Gln 35 40 45 Ala Arg Ile Leu 50 3 52 PRT Artificial Sequence soluble chimeric peptide IQN23, version 2 3 Arg Met Lys Gln Ile Glu Asp Lys Ile Glu Glu Ile Glu Ser Lys Gln 1 5 10 15 Lys Lys Ile Glu Asn Glu Ile Ala Arg Ile Lys Lys Leu Ile Glu Ala 20 25 30 Gln Gln His Leu Leu Gln Leu Thr Val Trp Gly Ile Lys Gln Leu Gln 35 40 45 Ala Arg Ile Leu 50 4 66 PRT Artificial Sequence soluble chimeric peptide IQN36 4 Arg Met Lys Gln Ile Glu Asp Lys Ile Glu Glu Ile Glu Ser Lys Gln 1 5 10 15 Lys Lys Ile Glu Asn Glu Ile Ala Arg Ile Lys Lys Leu Ile Ser Gly 20 25 30 Ile Val Gln Gln Gln Asn Asn Leu Leu Arg Ala Ile Glu Ala Gln Gln 35 40 45 His Leu Leu Gln Leu Thr Val Trp Gly Ile Lys Gln Leu Gln Ala Arg 50 55 60 Ile Leu 65 5 24 PRT Artificial Sequence soluble chimeric peptide IQN17, shortened version # 1 5 Glu Ile Ala Arg Ile Lys Lys Leu Leu Gln Leu Thr Val Trp Gly Ile 1 5 10 15 Lys Gln Leu Gln Ala Arg Ile Leu 20 6 31 PRT Artificial Sequence soluble chimeric peptide IQN17, shortened version # 2 6 Lys Gln Lys Lys Ile Glu Asn Glu Ile Ala Arg Ile Lys Lys Leu Leu 1 5 10 15 Gln Leu Thr Val Trp Gly Ile Lys Gln Leu Gln Ala Arg Ile Leu 20 25 30 7 31 PRT Artificial Sequence soluble chimeric peptide IQN17, shortened version # 3 7 Lys Ile Lys Lys Ile Glu Asn Glu Ile Ala Arg Ile Lys Lys Leu Leu 1 5 10 15 Gln Leu Thr Val Trp Gly Ile Lys Gln Leu Gln Ala Arg Ile Leu 20 25 30 8 38 PRT Artificial Sequence soluble chimeric peptide IQN17, shortened version # 4 8 Lys Ile Glu Glu Ile Glu Ser Lys Gln Lys Lys Ile Glu Asn Glu Ile 1 5 10 15 Ala Arg Ile Lys Lys Leu Leu Gln Leu Thr Val Trp Gly Ile Lys Gln 20 25 30 Leu Gln Ala Arg Ile Leu 35 9 38 PRT Artificial Sequence soluble chimeric peptide IQN17, shortened version # 5 9 Lys Ile Glu Glu Ile Glu Ser Lys Ile Lys Lys Ile Glu Asn Glu Ile 1 5 10 15 Ala Arg Ile Lys Lys Leu Leu Gln Leu Thr Val Trp Gly Ile Lys Gln 20 25 30 Leu Gln Ala Arg Ile Leu 35 10 34 PRT Artificial Sequence designed trimeric coiled peptide GCN4-pIQI′ 10 Arg Met Lys Gln Ile Glu Asp Lys Ile Glu Glu Ile Glu Ser Lys Gln 1 5 10 15 Lys Lys Ile Glu Asn Glu Ile Ala Arg Ile Lys Lys Leu Ile Gly Glu 20 25 30 Arg Tyr 11 31 PRT Artificial Sequence designed trimeric coiled coil peptide, IZ 11 Tyr Gly Gly Ile Lys Lys Glu Ile Glu Ala Ile Lys Lys Glu Gln Glu 1 5 10 15 Ala Ile Lys Lys Lys Ile Glu Ala Ile Glu Lys Glu Ile Glu Ala 20 25 30 12 43 PRT Artificial Sequence region of gp41 12 Val Gln Ala Arg Gln Leu Leu Ser Gly Ile Val Gln Gln Gln Asn Asn 1 5 10 15 Leu Leu Arg Ala Ile Glu Ala Gln Gln His Leu Leu Gln Leu Thr Val 20 25 30 Trp Gly Ile Lys Gln Leu Gln Ala Arg Ile Leu 35 40 13 56 PRT Artificial Sequence soluble chimeric peptide, IQN26 13 Arg Met Lys Gln Ile Glu Asp Lys Ile Glu Glu Ile Glu Ser Lys Gln 1 5 10 15 Tyr Lys Ile Glu Asn Glu Ile Ala Arg Ile Lys Lys Leu Ile Val Gln 20 25 30 Ala Arg Gln Leu Leu Ser Gly Ile Val Gln Gln Gln Asn Asn Leu Leu 35 40 45 Arg Ala Ile Glu Ala Gln Gln His 50 55 14 55 PRT Artificial Sequence soluble chimeric peptide, IZN26 14 Tyr Gly Gly Ile Lys Lys Glu Ile Glu Ala Ile Lys Lys Glu Gln Glu 1 5 10 15 Ala Ile Lys Lys Lys Ile Glu Ala Ile Glu Lys Glu Ile Val Gln Ala 20 25 30 Arg Gln Leu Leu Ser Gly Ile Val Gln Gln Gln Asn Asn Leu Leu Arg 35 40 45 Ala Ile Glu Ala Gln Gln His 50 55 15 33 PRT Artificial Sequence designed trimeric coiled coil peptide, GCN4-pIQI 15 Arg Met Lys Gln Ile Glu Asp Lys Ile Glu Glu Ile Leu Ser Lys Gln 1 5 10 15 Tyr His Ile Glu Asn Glu Ile Ala Arg Ile Lys Lys Leu Ile Gly Glu 20 25 30 Arg 16 31 PRT Artificial Sequence designed trimeric coiled coil peptide, isoleucine zipper 16 Tyr Gly Gly Ile Glu Lys Lys Ile Glu Ala Ile Glu Lys Lys Ile Glu 1 5 10 15 Ala Ile Glu Lys Lys Ile Glu Ala Ile Glu Lys Lys Ile Glu Ala 20 25 30 17 32 PRT Artificial Sequence designed trimeric coiled coil peptide, GCN4-pIqI 17 Met Lys Gln Ile Glu Asp Lys Ile Glu Glu Ile Leu Ser Lys Gln Tyr 1 5 10 15 His Ile Glu Asn Glu Ile Ala Arg Ile Lys Lys Leu Ile Gly Glu Arg 20 25 30 18 17 PRT Artificial Sequence peptide, portion of HIV gp41 sequence 18 Leu Leu Gln Leu Thr Val Trp Gly Ile Lys Gln Leu Gln Ala Arg Ile 1 5 10 15 Leu 19 8 PRT Artificial Sequence 8 amino acid residues of GCN4-pIQI in shortened IQN17#1 19 Glu Ile Ala Arg Ile Lys Lys Leu 1 5 20 15 PRT Artificial Sequence 15 amino acid residues of GCN4-pIQI in shortened IQN17#2 20 Lys Gln Lys Lys Ile Glu Asn Glu Ile Ala Ala Ile Lys Lys Leu 1 5 10 15 21 15 PRT Artificial Sequence 15 amino acid residues of GCN4-pIQI in shortened IQN17#3 21 Lys Ile Lys Lys Ile Glu Asn Glu Ile Ala Arg Ile Lys Lys Leu 1 5 10 15 22 22 PRT Artificial Sequence 21 amino acid residues of GCN4-pIQI in shortened IQN17#4 22 Lys Ile Glu Glu Ile Glu Ser Lys Gln Lys Lys Ile Glu Asn Glu Ile 1 5 10 15 Ala Arg Ile Lys Lys Leu 20 23 21 PRT Artificial Sequence 21 amino acid residues of GCN4-pIQI in shortened IQN17#5 23 Lys Ile Glu Glu Ile Glu Ser Lys Ile Lys Lys Ile Glu Asn Glu Ile 1 5 10 15 Ala Arg Ile Lys Lys 20 24 30 PRT Artificial Sequence GCN4-pIQI component of IQN36 24 Arg Met Lys Gln Ile Glu Asp Lys Ile Glu Glu Ile Glu Ser Lys Gln 1 5 10 15 Lys Lys Ile Glu Asn Glu Ile Ala Arg Ile Lys Lys Leu Ile 20 25 30 25 36 PRT Artificial Sequence HIV amino acid residues of IQN36 25 Ser Gly Ile Val Gln Gln Gln Asn Asn Leu Leu Arg Ala Ile Glu Ala 1 5 10 15 Gln Gln His Leu Leu Gln Leu Thr Val Trp Gly Ile Lys Gln Leu Gln 20 25 30 Ala Arg Ile Leu 35 26 17 PRT Artificial Sequence portion of HIV-2 sequence 26 Leu Leu Arg Leu Thr Val Trp Gly Thr Lys Asn Leu Gln Ala Arg Val 1 5 10 15 Thr 27 17 PRT Artificial Sequence portion of SIV sequence 27 Leu Leu Arg Leu Thr Val Trp Gly Thr Lys Asn Leu Gln Thr Arg Val 1 5 10 15 Thr 28 17 PRT Artificial Sequence peptide comprising invariant residues in HIV-1, HIV-2 and SIV 28 Leu Leu Xaa Leu Thr Val Trp Gly Xaa Lys Xaa Leu Gln Xaa Arg Xaa 1 5 10 15 Xaa 29 24 PRT Artificial Sequence 24 residues from N-terminal end of N36 29 Ser Gly Ile Val Gln Gln Gln Asn Asn Leu Leu Arg Ala Ile Glu Ala 1 5 10 15 Gln Gln His Leu Leu Gln Leu Thr 20 30 55 PRT Artificial Sequence IQN24n 30 Met Arg Met Lys Gln Ile Glu Asp Lys Ile Glu Glu Ile Glu Ser Lys 1 5 10 15 Gln Lys Lys Ile Glu Asn Glu Ile Ala Arg Ile Lys Lys Leu Ile Ser 20 25 30 Gly Ile Val Gln Gln Gln Asn Asn Leu Leu Arg Ala Ile Glu Ala Gln 35 40 45 Gln His Leu Leu Gln Leu Thr 50 55 31 41 PRT Artificial Sequence peptide IZN17 31 Ile Lys Lys Glu Ile Glu Ala Ile Lys Lys Glu Gln Glu Ala Ile Lys 1 5 10 15 Lys Lys Ile Glu Ala Ile Glu Lys Leu Leu Gln Leu Thr Val Trp Gly 20 25 30 Ile Lys Gln Leu Gln Ala Arg Ile Leu 35 40 32 48 PRT Artificial Sequence peptide IZN23 32 Ile Lys Lys Glu Ile Glu Ala Ile Lys Lys Glu Gln Glu Ala Ile Lys 1 5 10 15 Lys Lys Ile Glu Ala Ile Glu Lys Glu Ile Glu Ala Gln Gln His Leu 20 25 30 Leu Gln Leu Thr Val Trp Gly Ile Lys Gln Leu Gln Ala Arg Ile Leu 35 40 45 33 62 PRT Artificial Sequence peptide IZN36 33 Ile Lys Lys Glu Ile Glu Ala Ile Lys Lys Glu Gln Glu Ala Ile Lys 1 5 10 15 Lys Lys Ile Glu Ala Ile Glu Lys Glu Ile Ser Gly Ile Val Gln Gln 20 25 30 Gln Asn Asn Leu Leu Arg Ala Ile Glu Ala Gln Gln His Leu Leu Gln 35 40 45 Leu Thr Val Trp Gly Ile Lys Gln Leu Gln Ala Arg Ile Leu 50 55 60 34 22 PRT Artificial Sequence peptide N23 34 Glu Ala Gln Gln His Leu Leu Gln Leu Thr Val Trp Gly Ile Lys Gln 1 5 10 15 Leu Gln Ala Arg Ile Leu 20 35 36 PRT Artificial Sequence peptide N36 35 Ser Gly Ile Val Gln Gln Gln Asn Asn Leu Leu Arg Ala Ile Glu Ala 1 5 10 15 Gln Gln His Leu Leu Gln Leu Thr Val Trp Gly Ile Lys Gln Leu Gln 20 25 30 Ala Arg Ile Leu 35 36 26 PRT Artificial Sequence peptide N26 36 Val Gln Ala Arg Gln Leu Leu Ser Gly Ile Val Gln Gln Gln Asn Asn 1 5 10 15 Leu Leu Arg Ala Ile Glu Ala Gln Gln His 20 25 

What is claimed is:
 1. A soluble trimeric coiled-coil peptide comprising a peptide selected from the group consisting of: (a) IQN26, wherein the amino acid sequence of IQN26 is: (SEQ ID NO: 13) Ac- R  M   K   Q   I   E   D   K   I   E   E   I   E   S   K   Q   Y   K   I   E   (Arg Met Lys Gln Ile Glu Asp Lys Ile Glu Glu Ile Glu Ser Lys Gln Tyr Lys Ile Glu  N  E   I   A   R   I   K   K   L   I   V   Q   A   R   Q   L   L   S   G   I   V Asn Glu Ile Ala Arg Ile Lys Lys Leu Ile Val Gln Ala Arg Gln Leu Leu Ser Gly Ile Val  Q  Q   Q   N   N   L   L   R   A   I   E   A   Q   Q   H   -CONH₂ Gln Gln Gln Asn Asn Leu Leu Arg Ala Ile Glu Ala Gln Gln His);

(b) IZN26, wherein the amino acid sequence of IZN26 is: (SEQ ID NO: 14) Ac- Y  G   G   I   K   K   E   I   E   A   I   K   K   E   Q   E   A   I   K   K   (Tyr Gly Gly Ile Lys Lys Glu Ile Glu Ala Ile Lys Lys Glu Gln Glu Ala Ile Lys Lys  K  I   E   A   I   E   K   E   I   V   Q   A   R   Q   L   L   S   G   I   V Lys Ile Glu Ala Ile Glu Lys Glu Ile Val Gln Ala Arg Gln Leu Leu Ser Gly Ile Val Q   Q   Q   N   N   L   L   R   A   I   E   A   Q   Q   H -CONH₂ Gln Gln Gln Asn Asn Leu Leu Arg Ala Ile Glu Ala Gln Gln His); and

(c) variants thereof. 